Dr. Jasminka Ilich is the Hazel Stiebeling professor of nutrition at the Florida State University. She earned her PhD at the Ohio State University and the University of Zagreb, Croatia in Medicinal Sciences and her MS at the University of Utah in Foods and Nutrition. Her research includes clinical studies in older women with nutritional interventions incorporating behavioral modification and modes of physical activity for augmentation of bone and body composition. Dr. Ilich has recently identified a triad incorporating bone loss, muscle loss and adipose tissue expansion and termed it “osteosarcopenic obesity syndrome”. Recently, she started investigating the newly discovered hormone irisin, in connection with brown-fat, beige-fat activation. Her research also includes outreach to underserved communities for education and health promotion interventions to foster obesity prevention, improvement in cardiovascular risk factors and overall healthier lifestyle. On the molecular level, Dr. Ilich-Ernst investigates nutritional influences on mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into osteoblasts and adipocytes lineages and cross-talk with myocytes.

We showed previously that consumption of low-fat dairy foods (4-5 servings/day), resulted in better body composition (lean and fat tissue) outcomes compared to calcium (Ca) supplement or control group in postmenopausal women after a 6-month weight loss intervention. Here, we report the effect of dairy foods and/or Ca supplementation on lipid profile and proinflammatory markers in the same population. A total of n=97 overweight/obese early-postmenopausal women completed the 6 months follow-up and had complete data-sets. They were divided into 3 groups: 1) Supplement (pills containing 630 mg Ca+400 IU of vitamin D/day); 2) Dairy (low-fat dairy consumption, 4-5 servings/day); and 3) Control (placebo pills). Each group included moderate energy restriction (~85% of energy needs). Glucose, insulin, lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL), as well as Apo A1, Apo B, and CRP were analyzed in fasting blood samples by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. There was improvement in each measured parameter, probably due to weight loss, except in glucose, HDL and Apo B which remained the same. Dairy group showed the highest % decrease in total cholesterol and LDL, 6.1% and 7.7%, respectively, compared to Supplement (3.2% and 3.4%) and Control (3.8% and 1.7%) groups. Additionally, Apo A decreased in Dairy group, while it increased in Supplement and Dairy groups. In conclusion, the intervention with low-fat dairy foods complemented with hypocaloric diet resulted in the best outcomes for lipid profile and highest reduction in Apo A. Increasing the low-fat dairy foods to 4-5 servings/day may be beneficial for metabolic profile in postmenopausal women during weight loss.

Suhair Abdalla Khalil Abdallah has completed her PhD in Clinical Nutrition from Ahfad University for Women, Sudan. She is currently a Clinical Dietitian at King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. She has long experience of 18 years in clinical nutrition field.

Introduction: Protein energy malnutrition is common among end stage renal disease patients (ESRD) on hemodialysis (HD) with an estimated prevalence of 10-70% and it undoubtedly contributes to increased risks of morbidity and mortality. It is compounded by the fact that these patients loose large amounts of protein in the dialysate fluid and do not consistently take the recommended amounts of energy and protein for ESRD patients on HD. They are in need of individualized meal plans but they rarely consult a dietitian. Purpose: This was a prospective, clinical trial hospital based (intervention) study to evaluate the effect of nutritional intervention of adequate calorie and protein intake on malnutrition among HD patients. Methods: The study was conducted on HD patients attending Dr Salma Hemodialysis & Transplant Center outpatient clinic, Khartoum. 134 adult patients (males & females) were divided into a test group (n=77) and a control group (n=57). The test group after nutritional counseling consumed individualized diets for a period of 6 months that provided adequate amounts of energy and protein according to the recommendations of the National Kidney Foundation while the control group continued consuming their usual diets. Malnutrition status was determined by using subjective global assessment (SGA) tool (which used by health officials to score protein-energy nutrition status) at baseline and after 6 months of intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The SGA scores of the study patients was similar at baseline in both groups, the majority 88.1% were severely malnourished (92.2 test and 82.5 control), 11.9% moderate malnourished (7.8% test and 17.5% control) and there were no well nourished score in both groups. After intervention the result showed significant differences in SGA scores between the two study groups (P=0.000); 46.8% of test group had well nourished scores (A) and still no participants from control group reached the well nourished score. 33.6% participants were moderately malnourished (B) (44.2% test and 19.3% control). The control group showed 80.7% as severely malnourished (C) and only 9.7% were severely malnourished from test group. Therefore the result after intervention shows highly significant differences in SGA score between the two groups during intervention period (P=0.000). Conclusion: The study concluded that nutritional intervention in the form of adequate calorie and protein intake was help in improving nutritional status and malnutrition among HD patients. Therefore, nutritional counseling by qualified dietitians should be mandatory in renal dialysis units as part of the medical therapy management to reduce the incidence of malnutrition among HD patients.

Leticia Coello Lafuente is a Nutritionist by University of Navarra in Spain. She has Master’s degree in Nutrition and Dietetics from Mexico University. She is currently working in the Basque Culinary Center in the R&D department. She is working in a healthy lifestyles habits line in a nutrition related themes. She was awarded with the best oral communication.

The Longitudinal Aging Study in Spain (ELES) is an interdisciplinary project design longitudinal, based on the monitoring for 20 years, Spanish population cohort born before 1960. The survey includes a collection of biological samples, anthropometry, performing tests and a wide questionnaire with objective and subjective questions on ageing dimensions (household, demographic and life course characteristics, well-being and QoL, family and social networks and social participation in free time, physical health and healthy living habits, physical, emotional and cognitive functioning, support networks and use of health and social resources, residential environment, employment situation, economic resources and standard of living, values and attitudes). This descriptive and comparative study analyzed anthropometry, biochemical data and disease variables. Participants were people age 50 to 99 with an average age of 66 years. In the study were 1.357 people, 611 were men and 746 were women. It has carried out various data analysis, frequency analysis of the questioned diseases and a descriptive analysis of biochemical data and anthropometric data. Subsequently it has conducted a bivariate correlation for the relationship between some anthropometric and biochemical data. In our study we see significant negative correlations between cholesterol and the average subscapular fold and impedance in men and women. We found significant negative correlations between both, albumin and impedance too. On the other hand we found significant positive correlations in the different sexes and the average triceps skin fold and weight, subscapular skin fold and impedance and other significant positive correlations in both subscapular skin fold and triceps skin fold, weight and impedance.

Cristina Pereira-Wilson has completed her PhD from the University of Tondheim, Norway and is currently a Professor at the University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. Her scientific interests are in the areas of physiology, biochemistry, nutrition and pharmacology. She has published more than 40 papers in reputed journals.

Beans are excellent dietary sources of protein and carbohydrate but their nutritional value is also due to their content in fiber and other constituents such as phenolic compounds. Phaseolus vulgaris has been shown to have anti-colorectal cancer (CRC) properties both in vitro and in vivo in experimental models. Here we extend the characterization of the anti-CRC effects of beans and address the dependence on cancer cell’s p53 status for effects on cell cycle modulation. Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene TP53 are present in as many as 50% of CRCs and are responsible for deregulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis evasion as well as for resistance to therapeutic agents. It is therefore relevant to find therapeutic and nutritional strategies that benefit the large group of CRC patients that present p53 alterations. In the present study, two species of beans black and cowpea (Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna unguiculata) have been used and phenolic enriched methanolic extracts made from raw and cooked samples. Effects on viability and cell cycle were tested on isogenic HCT116 cell lines p53 wild-type (HCT116+/+) and p53-null (HCT116-/-) and compared to soy extracts prepared in the same way. Results show that relative to control and raw bean extracts, the extracts of cooked black and cowpea beans induced significant G0/G1 arrest in both cell lines whereas soy bean extracts were much less active and only on HCT116+/+ cells. Our data shows that, contrarily to soy, back bean and cowpea may have beneficial effects on CRC patients independently of p53 status.

Teresa Sanchez Moya has completed her degree in Veterinary and Master in Nutrition Technology and Food Safety. She has also obtained an official Pre-doctoral Fellowship of the Education Ministry of the Spain Government and presently she is a PhD student in the official doctoral program in Food Technology, Nutrition and Food Science at the University of Murcia under supervision of Dr. Gaspar Ros Berruezo, Dr. Carmen Frontela Saseta and Dr. Ruben Lopez Nicolas.

Nowadays, there are many studies that relate the overweight and obesity with different gut microbiota populations. Lean and overweight people may present differences in the composition of their gut microbiota and several mechanisms could explain the correlation between intestinal flora and obesity such as energy production from fiber, bacterial lipopolysaccharide negative effects or gene regulation in energy homeostasis. Dietary changes are related with variations in gut microbiota over the most important phyla (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria). Based on this, we propose that green tea could have effect in weight control and gastrointestinal satiety hormones release. In this work we have studied the effect of this plant extract over gut microbiota. For that, after gastrointestinal in vitro digestion of green tea, batch cultures fermentations were run using fecal material from six healthy donors (three normal weight’s and three obese). Finally, aliquots at 0, 12, 24 and 48 hours were taken to analyze short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and microbiota evolution. Results showed no differences in the production of SCFAs between donors and between green tea and controls and this may be due to inter individual variability in the composition of the intestinal microbiota. RT-PCR analysis of microbial population showed a reduction of total bacteria with a higher decrease observed in the phylum Firmicutes and to a lesser extent in the genus Bifidobacterium indicating that, probably, a positive effect of green tea on intestinal microbiota is produced.

Shasha Zheng has completed her PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Postdoctoral studies from Yale University School of Medicine. She is an Assistant Professor of Nutrition at California Baptist University, USA. She has published 9 papers as first author in top reputed journals in the areas of nutrition and diseases.

Plant derived foods such as fruits and vegetables are rich sources of antioxidants, phenolics and other biologically active components shown to reduce the risk of chronic diseases. The association between the consumption of plant derived foods and a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes is supported by significant epidemiological evidence. Traditionally used Native American edible plants are thought to be rich sources of phytonutrients, antioxidants, and biologically active components; however research reports providing data on content, processing and inflammation impacts are sparse. The objective of the study was to measure phytonutrients and other biologically active components of selected, Native American edible plants and plant parts from Southern California including prickly pear fruit pods Opuntia ficus-indica, Yucca whipplei fruit pods and blossoms in fresh and thermally processed samples. Sample analyses of pH, moisture, total soluble solids (TSS), total chlorophyll, total carotene, antioxidant activity, phenolic and flavonoid contents were conducted. HPLC chromatographic overlays were also made to illustrate the difference in antioxidant components in the fresh compared to processed plant samples. In addition, the plant extracts were investigated regarding the potential for novel preventive or therapeutic supplements for inflammation related diseases. In summary, these plants were found to be rich sources of antioxidant activity and phenolic content, that processing significantly influenced activity in the plant samples.

The effect of pigmented non-germinated and germinated rice grains, the sample namely Keunnunjami (KJ), Superjami (SJ), Superhongmi (SH) and Normal Brown Rice (NB) on glucose metabolism in ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were randomly divided into nine groups (n =3) and fed with non-germinated and germinated rice for 9 weeks. Body weight and blood glucose level were checked every 3 weeks, at the end of experimental diet, glucose regulating enzyme activities were determined from plasma, liver and kidney. Germinated NB, KJ and SJ groups body weight gain were significantly lower than normal control (NC) group and non-germinated NB, KJ and SJ groups. The NC group was significantly increased in the blood glucose concentration. Germinated groups showed significantly lower gluconeogenic enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activities than the NC group and non-germinated groups. Also germinated groups exhibited significantly higher glucokinase (GK) activities than the NC group and non-germinated groups, especially KJ and SJ groups. Compare with the NC group, other groups hepatic glycogen were significantly lower, especially KJ. Furthermore, germinated groups showed significantly lower plasma insulin concentration than non-germinated groups. These results indicated that pigmented germinated rice KJ and SJ will be more benefit for glucose-regulating level than normal brown rice.

Xingyue Jin has completed her BE at Yanbian University and currently doing Master’s course at Kyungpook National University, Japan. She is interested to research various food functions and metabolism.

Soo Im Chung has completed her PhD in 2013 from Kyungpook National University, Korea and presently she is pursuing Postdoctoral studies at same university. She is interested in functional rice especially giant embryo and pigmented rice. Also, she concentrates on her research for potential as a functional food in the management of diabetes and hyperglycemia.

This study was carried out to determine the inhibitory enzyme effects of germinated pigmented rice. The blackish purple rice Heukjinju, Keunnunjami, Superjami and reddish rice Superhongmi were germinated 3 days and their metabolic enzymes (α-glucosidase, α-amylase, DPP-4, lipase and xanthine oxidase) and total phenolic contents were analyzed. The extracts of pigmented rice showed significantly higher total phenol content and enzyme inhibitory activities compared with the normal brown rice. The inhibition of enzymes markedly increased during germination which may have been due to the substantial increase in the phenolic content of rice. The results suggest that germinated pigmented rice, particularly Keunnunjami and Superjami, may be potentially useful as a functional food in the management of diabetes and hyperglycemia.

Su-Jin Nam has completed her Master’s degree from Kyoungpook National University of Food Science and Nutrition. She mainly focuses on high functional rice. Presently she is pursuing her PhD in Food Science and Nutrition at Kyungpook National University.

In the case of menopausal women with early menopause symptoms include insomnia, muscle pain, depression, hot flashes and other symptoms appear. So this study to improve these symptoms was identifying of glucose metabolism and antioxidant metabolism of the high functional rice (pigmented rice) in “Keunnunjami”. The experiment use rice bran in 70% ethanol extract. After the Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly assigned. Groups are SHAM (not ovariectomized; Sham-Control), OVX-AIN76 (ovariectomized; feed is AIN76), OVX-KN (ovariectomized; feed is Keunnunjamir rice bran extract). First result is glucose metabolism: G6pase, PEPCK of glucose metabolism experimental result of kidney tissue ovariectomized Keunnunjami rice bran extract diet group showed a significantly lower value. Second result is antioxidation metabolism: The antioxidation experiment of liver tissue, GPx, CAT, GR, PON showed a high value Keunnunjami rice bran extract diet group compared to AIN76 expression group in the ovariectomized group. A result of the antioxidation experiments of kidney tissue, CAT, GR, the case of PON, among ovariectomized formula group, the AIN76 diet group and pigmented rice bran extract diet group showed a significant difference, of pigmented rice bran extract diet group case of GR, Keunnunjami rice bran extract expression in the middle, the military showed a significantly higher value. This has a positive effect on glucose metabolism, antioxidant compared these results with those Keunnunjami rice bran extract on a regular diet group.

Sara Shahzad has completed her BSc in Biomedical Science with first class honors from University College London and then she did an MPhil in Public Health from University of Cambridge. She is currently a PhD Student at University of Cambridge looking at Diet and its association with Coronary Heart Disease among South Asians. In particular she is interested in elucidating the association of different types of food groups with Coronary Heart Disease. She is also looking at the association of different dietary patterns with heart disease in the South Asian population.

Background: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) with myocardial infarction (MI) as its main manifestation is increasing at an alarming rate in South Asian countries; however the potential determinants of this disease are unknown. All the evidence of the association of dairy consumption with CHD is from Western populations and hence there is lack of evidence on the association of dairy consumption with CHD in South Asians. Aim: To evaluate the association of different types of dairy products in "Bangladesh Risk of Acute Vascular Events (BRAVE)" with first MI. Methods: This study is a hospital based case-control study established in Bangladesh. By July 2015 it has recruited 5,713 cases and 5,479 controls frequency-matched by age and sex. Eligibility criteria included the presentation of acute MI at the hospital within 48 hours of onset. Controls were individuals concurrently identified in the hospital without self-reported cardiovascular disease. Dairy consumption was measured by a food frequency questionnaire. Results: The findings suggest that the most commonly consumed dairy foods in Bangladesh are milk followed by yoghurt. Total dairy and milk intake were not associated with the odds of having MI. However, medium and high intakes of yoghurt consumption had a strong inverse association with the risk of having MI. Specifically, the fully adjusted odds ratio for the high intake of yoghurt was 0.60 (95% CI: 0.47, 0.75; p trend<0.001) as compared to the reference category. Conclusions: The findings from this first ever study among South Asians to assess dairy consumption and CHD suggest that total dairy and milk consumption were not significantly associated with risk of MI. Nonetheless, there was a strong inverse association of yoghurt intake with CHD; although causality cannot be assumed but this study stimulates further detailed work which may have important potentials for the local dietary guidelines in Bangladesh and elsewhere.

Chang Su has completed his PhD from Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese CDC) in 2010. He is currently an Associate Professor of Public Nutrition at the Chinese CDC. He has authored and co-authored more than 50 articles in peer-reviewed journals.

In the past few decades, China has experienced the largest human migration in the world, leading to an increase of the proportion of China’s population classified as urban from 21% in 1982 to 51% in 2011. Rapid urbanicity is associated with an increase in adverse health consequences. In the Chinese population, a relatively low percentage of adults consumed diets with high fat intake 20 years ago, while the proportion of high fat consuming adults has been rising recently. The most determinants of dietary fat intake and the mainstream thought were based on individual-level aspects, such as taste preferences, personal eating habits, nutrition knowledge, income levels, age, gender, education levels and self-efficacy. However, these individual level factors were found to explain only a small portion of the variance in dietary fat intakes. Understanding the effect that community levels have on population’s dietary fat intake is an area of recent interest, but these researches mainly focus on crude urban-rural comparisons or on population from developed countries. A traditional classification of urban/rural status likely does not adequately capture enormous social and environmental change, particularly in contexts of rapid urbanicity in China. Therefore, understanding the temporal trends in dietary fat and investigated the effect of urabanicity on dietary fat intake in Chinese adults in the last two decades is very important.

Daizo Saito has learned Nutritional Science in Nayoro City University in Hokkaido and has completed Program of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Psychological and Physical Science from Aichigakuin University. He was working as Clinical Dietitian in ICU since 2012 and is currently investigating enteral nutrition in critical ill patients.

Aim: To report our experience to treat with novel enteral formula named Oxypa™ Case Report: An 80 year-old female reported with chief complaint of septic shock and her general status on admission was high temperature of 38.9 oC on admission. She has then developed respiratory failure which had required artificial respiratory support and bleeding tendency with increased PT-INR (prothrombin time-international normalized ratio; 3.0). On day of admission, she has had percutaneous trans-hepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) placement to relieve her extended intra-cystic pressure. Moreover, she has developed acute renal failure and septic endotoxin shock which was treated renal replacement therapy (RRT) with simultaneous endotoxin adsorption therapy. After her circulatory stabilization, medical nutrition therapy (MNT) via enteral route could be considered and a novel enteral formula named Oxypa™ was initiated and continued for consecutive 5 days. Here, Oxypa™ is recommended to administer to relieve septic shock because it consists of 1300 mg of n-3 fatty acids, 1100 mg of γ-linolenic acid and 0% arginine/can. She could have recovered from septic shock with MNT using Oxypa™. Discussion: The novel enteral nutritional formula named Oxypa™ might have impact on clinical outcome, especially critically ill status likely septic shock. However, as the literature to examine the impact of novel formulae is limited, further investigation must be conducted. Conclusion: A case of older female with acute cholecystitis successfully treated by novel enteral formula named Oxypa™ was reported.

Hongru Jiang is a Research Assistant in the Department of Public Health Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC). She has received her Medical degree in 2010 and Master's degree in 2012 from Shandong University. She is a Member of Chinese Nutrition Society and serves as Secretary on the nutritional standards committee. Her research interests focus on nutritional epidemiology; childhood obesity and the relationship between nutrition and economic and policy. She has a broad background in nutrition policy and standards, toxin analysis, epidemiology, nutrition survey, data management and analysis. She has participated one research project funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and several research projects funded by Chinese government and other national agencies.

Objective: Describe the status and trends of dietary iron intake among Chinese residents in nine provinces from 1991 to 2011. Method: The subjects were selected from the ‘China Health and Nutrition Survey’ within the age group of 18-49 years old. The 24-hour dietary recall method for 3 consecutive days was used to estimate dietary information. Results: The average dietary iron intake of Chinese residents decreased from 23.6 mg/d in 1991 to 22.3 mg/d in 2011. Population percentage of the intake of dietary iron exceeding EAR decreased from 88.9% in 1991 to 85.3% in 2011, population percentage of the intake of dietary iron exceeding DRI decreased from 73% in 1991 to 65.9% in 2011. There was a significant gender difference in iron dietary intake. Conclusion: In the past two decades a decrease in dietary iron intake was present among Chinese adults from 1991 to 2011, especially much bigger in women. To increase the iron intake of Chinese population, it should be priority to intervene for women.

Teruyoshi Amagai is a Professor at the Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University and Editorial Board Member of Nutrition in Clinical Practice (NCP) and official journal of American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.

Background: In a survey of 2004 conducted by World Health Organization, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is proved third leading cause of death worldwide and develops frailty. However, the differences between pre-frailty and non-frailty or frailty are not well studied. Objective: To examine the working hypothesis that there are differences in phenotypes between pre-frailty and non-frailty or frailty in patients with COPD. Design and Setting: This is a cross-sectional study. Participants: Patients with consecutive COPD male patients, whose age is 50 year-old or older, visited COPD outpatient clinic at single institute, between 2011, March and August, were eligible. Measurements: The data categorized into seven domains according to Fried’s phenotypic criteria were collected ion all subjects divided into three groups: Non-, Pre- and frailty. All data was compared between two of three groups. Results: Pre-frail COPD patients showed declines in upper extremities’ muscle volume and functions assessed by arm muscle area and hand-grip strength (P<0.05) compared with data in non-frailty group. This was different from results of comparison data between pre- and frailty group where lower extremities’ muscle data showed statistically different (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our observation could be interpreted that declines in upper extremities’ muscle volume and function might proceed in comparison pre-frailty with non-frailty COPD patients. This might be an early predictor to progress the severity of COPD in pre-frail COPD patients and might be potential factor to prevent deterioration of frailty and COPD severity.

Walid AlQerem has completed his PhD at the age of 36 years from Sunderland University. He is an associated proffesor at of AlZaytoonah University.

Introduction: Obesity has become a significant worldwide contributor to morbidity with an alarming increase in incidence of childhood obesity. Few studies have evaluated parental feeding practices and their impact on children obesity in the Middle East. The Comprehensive Feeding Practice questionnaire was validated in different age groups and in different countries, however no previous studies have validated the questionnaire in the Middle East. Purpose: This study validated the questionnaire in the Middle East to evaluate children and adolescent obesity and parental feeding practices. Materials & Method: In this study, 970 children aged 6-12 completed the Arabic translated version of the CFPQ. The height and weight of the children were also measured. The children BMI, BMI z-scores and obesity status was determined. Confirmatory factor and Exploratory Factor Analysis were used to evaluate different factor models. General linear model regression was conducted to evaluate the association between maternal feeding practices, maternal BMI and education level and child’s weight status (normal, overweight and obese). Results: Confirmatory analysis of the CFPQ determined that the original 12 factors structure of the questionnaire was not suitable for this sample. The analysis suggested that the most suitable structure was an 11 Factors model (CMIN/DF=2.18, GFI=0.92, CFI=0.93, TLI=0.92 and RMSEA=0.03) that included modeling, monitoring, child control, food as a reward, emotional regulation, involvement, restriction for health, restriction for weight control, environment, teach and encourage and pressure. The results indicated that 12.6% of the children tested were obese and 25.1% were overweight. The regression showed that restriction to health and weight, emotional regulation and maternal BMI were positively associated with child weight status, while modeling, monitoring, child control, environment, involvement and teach and encourage were negatively associated with child’s weight status.

Background: Neurological patients are at increased risk of protein energy malnutrition. Causes of malnutrition include difficulties on oral process (chewing, swallowing inabilities), food rejection or malabsorption and etc. The purpose of this study is to reach detailed data about nutritional issues of neurological diseases based on etiological aspects. Methods: Our oral nutrition data base reviewed retrospectively for last one year. Demographic and anthropometric properties of patients are documented. Results: We reached full record of total 30 patients. Male/Female ratio was 20/10. Mean age was 77.3 years old (range of age: 44-95 years). Maximum duration of follow-up is 1 year and minimum is 3 months. Distributions of diseases are as follows: 36.6% Alzheimer’s disease, 10% Parkinson’s disease, 33.3% stroke and 20.1% motor neuron disease. Mean weight was found 60.9 kilograms (range of weight: 30-80 kilograms) initially and it was found 72.3 kilograms (range of weight: 35-82 kilograms (p<0.05) three months later. All nutrition products were used orally (17% was diabetic; the others were protein-rich products). Mean calorie intake was 900 kcal per/day for one patient.

Maria Cristina Cintra Gomes-Marcondes works at UNICAMP –University of Campinas, Dept of Structural and Functional Biology, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil where directs researches on Nutrition and Cancer. Her main scientific interests lie in the investigation of the biochemical, molecular and metabolic effects of cachexia under nutritional supplementation aspects, minimizing the lean body mass waste in cancer and improving the host survival and quality of life. The findings in this area produced knowledge on leucine supplementation and muscle mass and carcass preservation,and leucine modulatory effect on ubiquitin-proteasome pathway . She has published studies on the molecular mechanism of proteolysis-inducing factor and on the association with leucine-rich supplementation on proteolysis turnover.

The placenta is the fundamental structure that maintains fetal development and is deeply harmed during cancer. Previous studies have shown that leucine supplementation can preserve placental proteins as well as total DNA. Pregnant Wistar rats were distributed into 6 groups: Control (C), Walker tumor bearing (W), pair-fed (pC), Leucine-rich diet (L), tumor-bearing and leucine diet (WL) and pair-fed with leucine diet (pL). After 20 days, placental weight and gluthatione-S-transpherase (GST) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities and malonaldehyde (MDA) content were measured. The fetal/placental weight ratio was lower in W than WL group. The placenta GST activity was increased in L groups (L=29.8±3.4 and LW=21.1±1.2 nmol.min-1.mg protein-1) compared to other groups (C=14.9±1.9; W=10.9±1.2 nmol.min-1.mg protein-1) showing statistical enhancement in LW that was 1.9-fold higher then verified in the W group. The AP activity was lower in the W, in contrast to the statistical increase in the pC group. Although there was no difference among the leucine rich diet groups, the L group showed a reduction only in the AP activity versus the C group. In contrast to all the benefits produced by leucine, the association with tumor growth induced higher MDA content in the LW group (0.78±0.11 nM.g protein-1) versus the efficient reduction in the L group (0.29±0.05 nM.g protein-1). Despite the reduced fetal and placental weights in the WL group, placental protein, DNA and total cell number were preserved. The anti-oxidative enzymes minimized the oxidative stress suggesting that leucine, acting as a cell signaling factor could improve fetal development.

Claudio Adrian Bernal has completed his PhD from University of Litoral, Argentina and his Postdoctoral studies from University of Pittsburgh, USA. He is currently the Head of Food Science and Nutrition at the University of Litoral. He has published more than 40 manuscripts, directed national and international research projects and received several Scientific Awards in the field of nutrition. He was the President of Argentine Chapter of the Latino American Society of Nutrition. His research focuses on the impact of dietary fats and functional compounds on experimental animals. In addition he is working in food analysis, infant formulas and functional foods.

Animal studies reveal that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has beneficial effects against cancer, obesity, diabetes, inflammation and atherosclerosis. However, CLA was associated with liver steatosis in mice, while detrimental and protective effects on fatty liver have been shown in rats. Since there is an association between maternal nutrition and risk of offspring chronic disease, the aim was to investigate the potential effects of maternal CLA consumption on the liver regulation of triacylglycerol accretion of adult offspring. Female Wistar rats were fed control (C) or CLA-supplemented diet (CLA) during 4 weeks before and throughout pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring of CLA rats were fed C (CLA/C) or CLA (CLA/CLA) diets, while male offspring of C rats were fed C (C/C) diet (9 weeks). Hepatic triacylglycerol content and the activity and expression of lipogenic and oxidative enzymes were measured. Comparing with C/C, CLA/CLA rats showed a tendency for decreased triacylglycerol depots (-22%) associated with a significant reduction of FAS (-37%) and ACC (-27%) enzyme activities as well as of the mRNA levels of FAS (-44%), ACC (-48%), SCD (-54%) and SREBP1c (-25%), without changes in β-oxidation parameters. CLA/C rats did not show changes in hepatic triacylglycerol levels but the FAS (-38%) and ACC (-31%) activities as well as the expression of ACC (-62%) were significantly diminished, associated to a lower expression of the key enzyme of β-oxidation (CPT-Ia) (-23%), PPAR-α (-22%) and PPAR- (-45%). Maternal CLA consumption could metabolically contribute to prevent or attenuate the risk of fatty liver of adult offspring.