Nutrition and Food Sciences

Nutritional Toxicity

Nutritional toxicity occurs when the body accumulates excessive amounts of certain nutrients, leading to harmful effects. While vitamins and minerals are essential for health, consuming them in excessive quantities—either through diet, fortified foods, or supplements—can result in toxicity and adverse health outcomes. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) pose a higher risk of toxicity since they are stored in body fat and liver rather than excreted quickly. For example, excessive vitamin A intake can lead to liver damage, dizziness, and birth defects, while too much vitamin D can cause calcium buildup in the blood (hypercalcemia), leading to kidney damage. Water-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin C and B-complex vitamins, are generally excreted in urine, but in large doses, they can still cause side effects like nerve damage (excess B6) or digestive issues. Mineral toxicity can also be harmful. High iron levels can cause liver damage and gastrointestinal distress, while excessive calcium intake can contribute to kidney stones. Heavy metal contamination in certain supplements may also lead to toxic effects over time. To prevent nutritional toxicity, it's crucial to follow recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) and consult healthcare professionals before taking high-dose supplements. Balanced nutrition is key to maintaining health without the risks of overconsumption.